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Variable Interest Entities(VIEs)
Variable Interest Entities(VIEs 可變利益實體)are entities that either does not have equity investors with voting rights or lacks the sufficient financial resources to support its activities.
In IFRS,it is called special purpose entities(SPE,特殊目的公司/返程投資公司)
The equity holders of VIE have below strange characteristics:
Insufficient level of equity investment at risk
Inability to make decisions or direct activities
No obligation to absorb entity‘s expected losses
No right to receive expected residual returns
Disproportional voting rights
The primary beneficiary is the entity that has the power to direct the activities of a VIE that most significantly impact the entity‘s economic performance,and absorbs the expected VIE losses,or receives the expected VIE residual returns.
Primary beneficiary的特點
Absorb the expected VIE losses,OR
Receives the expected VIE residual returns.
Identifying a variable interest in a business entity
Company an business entity have an arrangement
Business entity is a legal entity(not a person)
Business entity fails to qualify for exclusion
Interest is more than insignificant
Company has an explicit or implicit variable interest in the entity.
Under US GAAP,all consolidation decisions are evaluated
1st under the VIE model
2nd under the voting interest model.
實務擴展:GAAP中設立VIE的本意,是防止公司通過設立影子單位,進行人為操控。堵塞的漏洞是“應該合并,而不合并”的情況。中國實務中反練“九陰真經”,通過VIE,將本來不能合并的單位,進行合并。
實務中primary beneficiary(通常為一個WFOE)與VIE registered shareholders(代持股東)典型的兩類四個合同安排
Agreements that provide the company effective control over the VIE entities
Power of attorney.不可撤銷的任命WFOE為代持股東的全權、唯一、排他的代表,代行全部VIE股東權利
Exclusive equity option agreement.一旦法律允許,WFOE有權在自行決定的時間,以法律所允許的至低價格,從代持股東手中收購VIE的全部股份。代持股東必須無條件配合出售,并辦理工商過戶。
Agreements that transfer economic benefits to the company
Exclusive services agreement. 由WFOE,按其獨自決定的價格(至高等于VIE的全部凈利),排他性的向VIE提供管理咨詢服務。
Equity Interest Pledge Agreement. 代持股東將全部代持股份抵押給WFOE. 一旦代持股東未能履行職責,WFOE有權出售抵押股份。
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